1. Treede R.-D., Rief W., Barke A., Aziz Q., Bennett M. I., Benoliel R. et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: The IASP classification of chronic pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019;160(1):19–27. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001384
2. Dahlhamer J., Lucas J., Zelaya C., Nahin R., Mackey S., DeBar L. et al. Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults – United States, 2016. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(36):1001–1006. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a2
3. Амелин А. В., Афанасьев В. В., Баранцевич Е. Р., Бурд С. Г., Григолашвили М. А., Давыдов О. С. и др. Место пиримидиновых нуклеотидов в практике лечения боли. Результаты консенсуса международной группы специалистов. Российский журнал боли. 2023;21(1):78–84. https://doi.org/10.17116/pain20232101178. EDN: SWCDCD.
Amelin A. V., Afanasiev V. V., Barantsevich E. R., Burd S. G., Grigolashvili M. A., Davydov O. S. et al. Pyrimidine nucleotides in pain management. Consensus of the international group of specialists. Rossiyskiy zhurnal boli = Russian Journal of Pain. 2023;21(1):78–84. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/pain20232101178
4. Fatima K., Javed S. O., Saleem A., Marsia S., Zafar R., Noorani K. et al. Long-term efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for chronic primary neuropathic pain in the contemporary era: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurosurg. Sci. 2024;68(1):128–139. https://doi.org/10.23736/s0390-5616.23.05930-1
5. Huygen F. J. P. M., Soulanis K., Rtveladze K., Kamra S., Schlueter M. Spinal cord stimulation vs medical management for chronic back and leg pain: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open. 2024;7(11):e2444608. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.44608
6. Курушина О. В., Шкарин В. В., Ивашева В. В., Барулин А. Е. Проблемы изучения эпидемиологии хронической боли в Российской Федерации. Российский журнал боли. 2022;20(3):31–35. https://doi.org/10.17116/pain20222003131. EDN: RDXSFC.
Kurushina O. V., Shkarin V. V., Ivasheva V. V., Barulin A. E. Problems of studying the epidemiology of chronic pain in the Russian Federation. Rossiyskiy zhurnal boli = Russian Journal of Pain. 2022;20(3):31–35. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/pain20222003131
7. Яхно Н. Н., Кукушкин М. Л. Хроническая боль: медико-биологические и социально-экономические аспекты. Вестник Российской академии медицинских наук. 2012;67(9):54–58. https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i9.407. EDN: PEVYZZ.
Yakhno N. N., Kukushkin M. L. Chronic pain: Medico-biologic and sotsio-economic aspects. Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii meditsinskikh nauk = Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2012;67(9):54–58. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15690/vramn.v67i9.407
8. Brady B., Andary T., Sheng Min Pang, Dennis S., Liamputtong P., Boland R. et al. A mixed-methods investigation into patients’ decisions to attend an emergency department for chronic pain. Pain Med. 2021;22(10):2191–2206. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab081
9. Kiran S. 14 days to a better North America spinal cord stimulation market. DataM Intelligence. Available at: https://www.datamintelligence.com/blogs/north-america-spinal-cord-stimulation-market (accessed: 02.07.2025).
10. Debashree B. Spinal cord stimulation market size, share & trends analysis report by product (rechargeable, non-rechargeable), by application (failed back syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, degenerative disk disease, unsuccessful disk surgery, others) and by region (North America, Europe, APAC, Middle East and Africa, LATAM): Forecasts, 2025–2033. Straits Research. Available at: https://straitsresearch.com/report/spinal-cord-stimulation-market (accessed: 02.07.2025).
11. Spinal cord stimulation market size, share & COVID-19 impact analysis, by product (rechargeable and non-rechargeable), by disease indication (failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), degenerative disc disease (DDD), complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), arachnoiditis, and others) by end user (hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and specialty clinics), and regional forecast, 2025–2032. Fortune Business Insights. Last upd.: 16.06.2025. Available at: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/spinal-cord-stimulation-market-100313 (accessed: 02.07.2025).
12. Томский А. А., Бриль Е. В., Гамалея А. А., Федорова Н. В., Левин О. С. Функциональная нейрохирургия при болезни Паркинсона в России. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2019;13(4):10–15. https://doi.org/10.25692/ACEN.2019.4.2. EDN: OVWDUB.
Tomskiy A. A., Bril’ E. V., Gamaleya A. A., Fedorova N. V., Levin O. S. Functional neurosurgery in Parkinson’s disease in Russia. Annaly klinicheskoy i eksperimental’noy nevrologii = Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 2019;13(4):10–15. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25692/ACEN.2019.4.2
13. НИУ МИЭТ. Микроэлектронные технологии формирования мультимасштабных имплантируемых нейроинтерфейсов живых – технических систем для управления передачей болевых сигналов в мозг: отчет о НИР (промежут.). Рук. С. А. Гаврилов. М., 2025. 803 с. № ГР 124053100035-4.
MIET. Microelectronic technologies of forming multi-scale implanted neuroelectronic interfaces living – engineering systems for controlling transmission of pain signals to brain: research work report (interim). Head: S. A. Garvilov. Moscow, 2025. 803 p. State reg. no. 124053100035-4. (In Russ.).
14. Wiener N. Cybernetics or Control and communication in the animal and the machine. New York: John Wiley & Sons; Paris: Hermann et Cie; 1948. 194 p.
15. Ashby W. R. An introduction to cybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall; 1956. ix, 295 p.
16. Парин В. В., Баевский Р. М. Введение в медицинскую кибернетику. М.: Медицина; Прага: Изд-во мед. лит.; 1966. 298 с.
Parin V. V., Bayevskiy R. M. Introduction to medical cybernetics. Springfield, VA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 1967. 222 p.
17. Казначеев В. П., Берг А. И., авт., ред., Брайнес С. Н., Михайлова Л. П., Шурин С. П., Амосов Н. М. и др. Прогресс биологической и медицинской кибернетики. Пер. с венг., нем., пол., рум., чеш. Б. Л. Старостин. М.: Медицина; 1974. 487 с. EDN: RZXYSH.
Kaznacheev V. P., Berg A. I., auth., ed., Braynes S. N., Mikhaylova L. P., Shurin S. P., Amosov N. M. et al. Progress in biological and medical cybernetics. Transl. B. L. Starostin. Moscow: Meditsina Publ.; 1974. 487 p. (In Russ.).
18. Директива Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского Союза 2010/63/ЕС от 22 сентября 2010 г. о защите животных, использующихся для научных целей. ГАРАНТ. Available at: https://base.garant.ru/70350564/ (accessed: 04.07.2025).
Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Union. 2010; L276:33–79.
19. Resolution on the accommodation and care of laboratory animals: adopted by the Multilateral Consultation of the Parties to the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes on 30 May 1997. European Committee on Legal Co-operation. Available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/cdcj/1997-res-accommodation-care-lab-animals (accessed: 04.07.2025).
20. Melzack R., Wall P. D. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science. 1965;150(3699):971–979. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.150.3699.971
21. Wiech K. Deconstructing the sensation of pain: The influence of cognitive processes on pain perception. Science. 2016;354(6312):584–587. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8934
22. Simopoulos T., Sharma S., Aner M., Gill J. S. The long-term durability of multilumen concentric percutaneous spinal cord stimulator leads. Pain Pract. 2018;18(7):845–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12682
23. Durand D. M., Ghovanloo M., Krames E. Time to address the problems at the neural interface. J. Neural Eng. 2014;11(2):020201. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/2/02020
24. Miller S., Matharu M. S. The use of electroceuticals and neuromodulation in the treatment of migraine and other headaches. In: Electroceuticals: Advances in electrostimulation therapies. Ed. A. Majid. Cham: Springer; 2017, pp. 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28612-9_1
25. Wang J., Chen Z. S. Closed-loop neural interfaces for pain: Where do we stand? Cell Reports Medicine. 2024;5(10):101662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101662
26. Lee K. Y., Bae C., Lee D., Kagan Z., Bradley K., Chung J. M., La J.-H. Low-intensity, kilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation differently affects excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the rodent superficial dorsal horn. Neuroscience. 2020;428:132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.031
27. Ploner M., Sorg C., Gross J. Brain rhythms of pain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2017;21(2):100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.001
28. Shirvalkar P., Prosky J., Chin G., Ahmadipour P., Sani O. G., Desai M. et al. First-in-human prediction of chronic pain state using intracranial neural biomarkers. Nat. Neurosci. 2023;26(6):1090–1099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01338-z
29. Bock D. C., Marschilok A. C., Takeuchi K. J., Takeuchi E. S. Batteries used to power implantable biomedical devices. Electrochim. Acta. 2012;84:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.057
30. Eldridge P., Simpson B. A., Gilbart J. The role of rechargeable systems in neuromodulation. European Neurological Review. 2011;6(3):187–192. https://doi.org/10.17925/ENR.2011.06.03.187
31. Barbruni G. L., Ros P. M., Demarchi D., Carrara S., Ghezzi D. Miniaturised wireless power transfer systems for neurostimulation: A review. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2020;14(6):1160–1178. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2020.3038599
32. Данилов А. А. Технический облик системы индуктивного питания имплантируемого нейростимулятора. In: Микроэлектронные имплантируемые нейроинтерфейсы 2024 (МИН-2024): сб. статей Междунар. науч.-техн. конф., Москва, 11–12 дек. 2024. М.: Наш стиль; 2023, с. 55–57.
Danilov A. A. Technical appearance of an inductive power supply system for an implantable neural stimulator. In: Mikroelektronnye implantiruemye neyrointerfeysy 2024 (MIN-2024): proceedings of International sci.-tech. conf., Moscow, Dec. 11–12, 2024. Moscow: Nash Stil’ Publ.; 2024, pp. 55–57. (In Russ.).
33. Данилов А. А. Определение технического облика системы энергообеспечения имплантируемого нейростимулятора спинного мозга. In: Физика и радиоэлектроника в медицине и экологии (ФРЭМЭ’2024): сб. трудов XVI Междунар. науч. конф., Суздаль, 02–04 июня 2024. Владимир; Суздаль: Владим. гос. ун-т им. А. Г. и Н. Г. Столетовых; 2024, с. 373–376.
Danilov A. A. Determining the technical appearance of a power supply system for an implantable spinal cord neural stimulator. In: Fizika i radioelektronika v meditsine i ekologii (FREME’2024): proceedings of 16th International sci. conf., Suzdal, June 02–04, 2024. Vladimir; Suzdal: Vladimir State University n. a. Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs; 2024, pp. 373–376. (In Russ.).
34. Аубакиров Р. Р., Данилов А. А. Использование эффекта сильной связи для уменьшения размера принимающей катушки без понижения устойчивости системы индуктивной передачи энергии к имплантатам. Изв. вузов. Электроника. 2024;29(6):819–831. https://doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2024-29-6-819-831. EDN: DJLEVK.
Aubakirov R. R., Danilov A. A. Using the strong coupling effect to reduce the size of the receiving coil without reducing the stability of the inductive energy transfer system to implants. Izv. vuzov. Elektronika = Proc. Univ. Electronics. 2024;29(6):819–831. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2024-29-6-819-831
35. Аубакиров Р. Р. Предварительная оценка габаритов передающей катушки индуктивности в составе системы индуктивного питания нейростимулятора. Медицинская техника. 2024;(4):17–20. EDN: SVFTPB.
Aubakirov R. R. Preliminary assessment of the size of the transmitting induction coil in an inductive power supply system for a neural stimulator. Biomed. Eng. 2024;58:238–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10527-024-10407-x
36. Аубакиров Р. Р., Гуров К. О., Данилов А. А. Алгоритм проектирования LC-контуров с параллельной компенсацией в приемном контуре для систем индуктивного питания. Изв. вузов. Электроника. 2024;29(3):319–330. https://doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2024-29-3-319-330. EDN: AHOKOP.
Aubakirov R. R., Gurov K. O., Danilov A. A. Algorithm for designing LC circuits with parallel compensation in the receiving circuit for inductive power systems. Izv. vuzov. Elektronika = Proc. Univ. Electronics. 2024;29(3):319–330. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2024-29-3-319-330
37. Гуров К. О., Миндубаев Э. А., Данилов А. А. Применение ШИМ-управления емкостью конденсаторов для стабилизации выходных характеристик системы индуктивного питания имплантатов. Изв. вузов. Электроника. 2025;30(1):87–93. https://doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2025-30-1-87-93. EDN: BIJCQL.
Gurov K. O., Mindubaev E. A., Danilov A. A. Application of PWM actuation of capacitor capacitance to stabilize the output characteristics of the implant inductive power supply system. Izv. vuzov. Elektronika = Proc. Univ. Electronics. 2025;30(1):87–93. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24151/1561-5405-2025-30-1-87-93
38. Boehler C., Stieglitz T., Asplund M. Nanostructured platinum grass enables superior impedance reduction for neural microelectrodes. Biomaterials. 2015;67:346–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.036
39. Bradley K. The technology: The anatomy of a spinal cord and nerve root stimulator: The lead and the power source. Pain Med. 2006;7(s1):S27–S34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00120.x
40. Normann R. A., Fernandez E. Clinical applications of penetrating neural interfaces and Utah Electrode Array technologies. J. Neural Eng. 2016;13(6):061003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/13/6/061003
41. Hayden C. J., Dalton C. Direct patterning of microelectrode arrays using femtosecond laser micromachining. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010;256(12):3761–3766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.01.022
42. Cagnan H., Denison T., McIntyre C., Brown P. Emerging technologies for improved deep brain stimulation. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019;37(9):1024–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0244-6
43. Green R. A., Lovell N. H., Wallace G. G., Poole-Warren L. A. Conducting polymers for neural interfaces: Challenges in developing an effective long-term implant. Biomaterials. 2008;29(24–25):3393–3399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.04.047
44. Daubinger P., Kieninger J., Unmüssig T., Urban G. A. Electrochemical characteristics of nanostructured platinum electrodes – a cyclic voltammetry study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014;16:8392–8399. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP00342J
45. Cogan S. F. Neural stimulation and recording electrodes. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2008;10:275–309. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518
46. Green R. A., Matteucci P. B., Dodds C. W. D., Palmer J., Dueck W. F., Hassarati R. T. et al. Laser patterning of platinum electrodes for safe neurostimulation. J. Neural Eng. 2014;11(5):056017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/5/056017
47. Ben-Jacob E., Hanein Y. Carbon nanotube micro-electrodes for neuronal interfacing. J. Mater. Chem. 2008;18(43):5181–5186. https://doi.org/10.1039/B805878B
48. Driscoll N., Maleski K., Richardson A. G., Murphy B., Anasori B., Lucas T. H. et al. Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene microelectrode arrays for in vivo neural recording. J. Vis. Exp. 2020;(156):e60741. https://doi.org/10.3791/60741
49. Latif T., McKnight M., Dickey M. D., Bozkurt A. In vitro electrochemical assessment of electrodes for neurostimulation in roach biobots. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203880
50. Green R., Abidian M. R. Conducting polymers for neural prosthetic and neural interface applications. Adv. Mater. 2015;27(46):7620–7637. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501810
51. Seidlits S. K., Lee J. Y., Schmidt C. E. Nanostructured scaffolds for neural applications. Nanomedicine. 2008;3(2):183–199. https://doi.org/10.2217/17435889.3.2.183
52. Ahmed A. A. A., Alegret N., Almeida B., Alvarez-Puebla R., Andrews A. M., Ballerini L. et al. Interfacing with the brain: How nanotechnology can contribute. ACS Nano. 2025;19(11):10630–10717. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c10525
53. Мурашко Д. Т., Курилова У. Е., Попович К. Д., Куксин А. В., Герасименко А. Ю. Исследование механических характеристик слоистых структур на основе углеродных наноматериалов для создания биоэлектронных компонентов. ЖТФ. 2025;95(5):892–900. https://doi.org/10.61011/JTF.2025.05.60279.441-24. EDN: ZEOEXX.
Murashko D. T., Kurilova U. E., Popovich K. D., Kuksin A. V., Gerasimenko A. Yu. Study of mechanical characteristics of layered structures based on carbon nanomaterials for creation of bioelectronic components. Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki = Technical Physics. 2025;70(5):838–846. https://doi.org/10.61011/TP.2025.05.61120.441-24
54. Ku S. H., Lee M., Park C. B. Carbon-based nanomaterials for tissue engineering. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2013;2(2):244–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201200307
55. Kim J., Kim G. G., Kim S., Jung W. Plasmonic welded single walled carbon nanotubes on monolayer graphene for sensing target protein. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016;108(20):203110. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4952397
56. Gerasimenko A. Yu., Kuksin A. V., Shaman Yu. P., Kitsyuk E. P., Fedorova Yu. O., Murashko D. T. et al. Hybrid carbon nanotubes–graphene nanostructures: Modeling, formation, characterization. Nanomaterials. 2022;12(16):2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162812
57. Gerasimenko A. Yu., Kuksin A. V., Shaman Yu. P., Kitsyuk E. P., Fedorova Yu. O., Sysa A. V. et al. Electrically conductive networks from hybrids of carbon nanotubes and graphene created by laser radiation. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(8):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11081875
58. Gerasimenko A. Yu., Ten G. N., Ryabkin D. I., Shcherbakova N. E., Morozova E. A., Ichkitidze L. P. The study of the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin and single-walled carbon nanotubes depending on their diameter and concentration in solid nanocomposites by vibrational spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta, Part A. 2020;227:117682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117682
59. Gerasimenko A. Yu., Kurilova U. E., Savelyev M. S., Murashko D. T., Glukhova O. E. Laser fabrication of composite layers from biopolymers with branched 3D networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes for cardiovascular implants. Compos. Struct. 2021;260:113517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113517
60. Kang B.-C., Ha T.-J. Wearable carbon nanotube based dry-electrodes for electrophysiological sensors. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2018;57(5S):05GD02. https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.57.05GD02
61. Zhao Q.-L., Wang Z.-M., Chen J.-H., Liu S.-Q., Wang Y.-K., Zhang M.-Y. et al. A highly conductive self-assembled multilayer graphene nanosheet film for electronic tattoos in the applications of human electrophysiology and strain sensing. Nanoscale. 2021;13(24):10798–10806. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR08032B
62. Murashko D., Kurilova U., Savelyev M., Selishchev S. Formation of carbon nanomaterials layers to create passive and active implantable devices for nerve tissue repair. In: 2025 IEEE 26th International Conference of Young Professionals in Electron Devices and Materials (EDM). Altai: IEEE; 2025, pp. 1660–1664. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDM65517.2025.11096707
63. Василевский П. Н., Савельев М. С., Орлов А. П., Герасименко А. Ю. Нелинейно-оптические свойства одностенных углеродных нанотрубок для применений в области фотоники. ЖТФ. 2025;95(3):587–597. https://doi.org/10.61011/JTF.2025.03.59866.407-24. EDN: CJWWPO.
Vasilevsky P. N., Savelyev M. S., Orlov A. P., Gerasimenko A. Yu. Nonlinear optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes for photonics applications. Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki = Technical Physics. 2025;70(3):548–557. https://doi.org/10.61011/TP.2025.03.60861.407-24
64. Telyshev D., Nesterenko I., Bochkov A., Malinina A., Markov A., Bordovsky S. Functional evaluation of larynx nerve stimulator with EMG acquisition capability and wireless connectivity. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 2021;15(3):629–641. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2021.3094890
65. National Research Council (US) Committee on Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals. Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress in laboratory animals. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1992. 160 p. https://doi.org/10.17226/1542