<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">1561-5405</journal-id>
	    <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.24151/1561-5405</journal-id>	  
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Proceedings of Universities. Electronics</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Scientifical and technical journal "Proceedings of Universities. Electronics"</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Научно-технический журнал «Известия высших учебных заведений. Электроника»</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>        
      </journal-title-group>      
      <issn publication-format="print">1561-5405</issn>
      <issn publication-format="online">2587-9960</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">National Research University of Electronic Technology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет "Московский институт электронной техники"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>                                    
      
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24151/1561-5405-2023-28-5-569-599</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="risc">ZUKRLA</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="udk">621.389</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Элементы интегральной электроники</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Vacuum nanoelectronics  based on semiconductor field emission structures:  current state and development prospects. Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вакуумная наноэлектроника  на основе полупроводниковых автоэмиссионных структур: текущее состояние и перспективы развития. Обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name xml:lang="ru">Дюжев Николай Алексеевич</string-name><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дюжев</surname><given-names>Николай Алексеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Djuzhev</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><string-name xml:lang="en">Nikolay A. Djuzhev</string-name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name xml:lang="ru">Евсиков Илья Дмитриевич</string-name><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евсиков</surname><given-names>Илья Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evsikov</surname><given-names>Ilya D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><string-name xml:lang="en">Ilya D. Evsikov</string-name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF-1"/></contrib><aff id="AFF-1" xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «МИЭТ», Россия, 124527, г. Москва, г. Зеленоград, пл. Шокина, д. 1</aff></contrib-group><pub-date iso-8601-date="2026-03-25" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>Том. 28 №5</volume><fpage>569</fpage><lpage>599</lpage><self-uri>http://ivuz-e.ru/issues/5-_2023/vakuumnaya_nanoelektronika_na_osnove_poluprovodnikovykh_avtoemissionnykh_struktur_tekushchee_sostoya/</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf">http://ivuz-e.ru#</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The advances in semiconductor integrated technology and transition to nanometer resolution in lithography process have given rise to semiconductor field emission structures development. However, nowadays the suite of field emission devices technology has got neither large-scale manufacturing application nor commercialization due to their short useful life and insufficient operational stability. In this work, a comparative analysis of the significant results obtained to date in the development of semiconductor field emission devices with a nanoscale conduction channel is carried out to evaluate the current state and prospects for further development of vacuum nanoelectronics. The technological and operational problems of developing field emission triode structures using various semiconductor materials have been analyzed. The progress achieved in the field of integration of nanoscale field emission devices with standard CMOS transistors is shown. Possible areas of application of vacuum nanoelectronic devices are considered. The urgent tasks of this scientific industry, as well as the problems that arise in the process of introducing the element base of vacuum nanoelectronics into the development and commercialization cycle of vacuum IC technology are described.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Развитие полупроводниковой интегральной технологии и переход к нанометровому разрешению литографического процесса обусловили разработку полупроводниковых автоэмиссионных структур. Однако широкого внедрения в производство и коммерциализации комплекс технологий изготовления автоэмиссионных устройств в настоящее время не получил из-за их малого срока эксплуатации и недостаточной стабильности работы. В работе проведен сравнительный анализ полученных на сегодняшний день значимых результатов по разработке полупроводниковых автоэмиссионных структур с наноразмерным каналом проводимости&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;с целью оценки текущего состояния и перспектив дальнейшего развития вакуумной наноэлектроники. Проанализированы технологические и эксплуатационные проблемы разработки автоэмиссионных триодных наноразмерных структур с применением различных полупроводниковых&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;материалов. Показаны достигнутые успехи в области интеграции наноразмерных автоэмиссионных структур со стандартными КМОП-тран- зисторами. Рассмотрены возможные сферы применения структур вакуумной наноэлектроники. Описаны актуальные задачи данной научной отрасли, а также проблемы, возникающие в процессе внедрения элементной базы вакуумной наноэлектроники в цикл разработки и коммерциализации технологии вакуумных ИС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>автоэлектронная эмиссия</kwd><kwd>КМОП-технология</kwd><kwd>полупроводниковые автоэмиссионные наноструктуры</kwd><kwd>кремний</kwd><kwd>карбид кремния</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>field-electron emission</kwd><kwd>CMOS technology</kwd><kwd>semiconductor field emission nanostructures</kwd><kwd>silicon</kwd><kwd>silicon carbide</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 20-12-50312\20). </funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">the work has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 20-12-50312\20).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fowler R. H., Nordheim L. Electron emission in intense electric fields // Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 1928. Vol. 119. Iss. 781. P. 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1928.0091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nordheim L. Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle. I // Ann. Phys. 1931. Vol. 401. Iss. 5. P. 607–640. https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19314010507</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forbes R. G. Comments on the continuing widespread and unnecessary use of a defective emission equation in field emission related literature // Journal of Applied Physics. 2019. Vol. 126. Iss. 21. Art. No. 210901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5117289</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Márquez-Mijares M., Lepetit B. A three dimensional numerical quantum mechanical model of field electron emission from metallic surfaces covered with carbon adsorbates // Journal of Applied Physics. 2019. Vol. 126. Iss. 6. Art. No. 065107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5094238</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forbes R. G. Renewing the mainstream theory of field and thermal electron emission // Modern Developments in Vacuum Electron Sources / eds G. Gaertner, W. Knapp, R. G. Forbes. Cham: Springer, 2020. P. 387–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47291-7_9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forbes R. G. 21st century planar field emission theory and its role in vacuum breakdown science // 2020 29th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV). Padova: IEEE, 2021. P. 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISDEIV46977.2021.9587119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen K. L. A tutorial on electron sources // IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 2018. Vol. 46. No. 6. P. 1881–1899. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2017.2782485</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen K. L. A reformulated general thermal-field emission equation // Journal of Applied Physics. 2019. Vol. 126. Iss. 6. Art. No. 065302. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109676</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lepetit B. Electronic field emission models beyond the Fowler – Nordheim one // Journal of Applied Physics. 2017. Vol. 122. Iss. 21. Art. No. 215105. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5009064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lepetit B. A quantum mechanical model of electron field emission from two dimensional materials. Application to graphene // Journal of Applied Physics. 2021. Vol. 129. Iss. 14. Art. No. 144302. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0047771</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyritsakis A., Djurabekova F. A general computational method for electron emission and thermal effects in field emitting nanotips // Computational Materials Science. 2017. Vol. 128. P. 15–21. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.11.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyritsakis A., Veske M., Djurabekova F. General scaling laws of space charge effects in field emission // New J. Phys. 2021. Vol. 23. No. 6. Art. No. 063003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/abffa8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров Н. В., Шешин Е. П. Автоэлектронная эмиссия: Принципы и приборы. Долгопрудный: Интеллект, 2011. 703 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фурсей Г. Н. Автоэлектронная эмиссия. СПб.: Лань, 2012. 319 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buck D. A., Shoulders K. R. An approach to microminiature printed systems // Papers and Discussions Presented at the Dec. 3–5, 1958, Eastern Joint Computer Conference: Modern Computers: Objectives, Designs, Applications (AIEE-ACM-IRE ’58 (Eastern)). New York: ACM Press, 1958. P. 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 1458043.1458057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shoulders K. R. Microelectronics using electron-beam-activated machining techniques // Advances in Computers. 1961. Vol. 2. P. 135–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2458(08)60142-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spindt C. A., Shoulders K. R. Research in micron-size field-emission tubes // IEEE 1966 8th Conference on Tube Techniques. New York: IEEE, 1966. P. 143.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spindt C. A. A thin‐film field‐emission cathode // Journal of Applied Physics. 1968. Vol. 39. Iss. 7. P. 3504–3505. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1656810</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spindt С. А., Brodie I., Humphrey L., Westerberg E. R. Physical properties of thin‐film field emission cathodes with molybdenum cones // Journal of Applied Physics. 1976. Vol. 47. Iss. 12. P. 5248–5263. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.322600</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. с. 107388 СССР. Способ уменьшения ионной бомбардировки эмитирующих электроны металлических острий / М. И. Елинсон, Г. Ф. Васильев; заявл. 24.09.1955; опубл. 10.09.1957.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пат. 2044363 РФ. Устройство с автоэлектронной эмиссией (его варианты) / Н. А. Дюжев, А. Б. Ишкарин; заявл. 08.07.1994; опубл. 20.09.1995.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jennings S. G. The mean free path in air // Journal of Aerosol Science. 1988. Vol. 19. Iss. 2. P. 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(88)90219-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron emission devices for energy‐efficient systems / S. Nirantar, T. Ahmed, M. Bhaskaran et al. // Adv. Intell. Syst. 2019. Vol. 1. Iss. 4. Art. ID: 1900039. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.201900039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nottingham W. B. Remarks on energy losses attending thermionic emission of electrons from metals // Phys. Rev. 1941. Vol. 59. Iss. 11. P. 906. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.59.906.2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Месяц Г. А. Взрывная электронная эмиссия. М.: Физматлит, 2011. 280 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Self-modulated field electron emitter: Gated device of integrated Si tip-on-nano-channel / Z. Huang, Y. Huang, Z. Pan et al. // Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016. Vol. 109. Iss. 23. Art. No. 233501. https://doi.org/10.1063/ 1.4971336</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerrera S. A., Akinwande A. I. Nanofabrication of arrays of silicon field emitters with vertical silicon nanowire current limiters and self-aligned gates // Nanotechnology. 2016. Vol. 27. No. 29. Art. No. 295302. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/29/295302</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolosko A. G., Popov E. O., Filippov S. V. Analysis of the behavior of individual emission sites on the surface of a multi-tip field cathode // Tech. Phys. Lett. 2019. Vol. 45. Iss. 3. P. 304–307. https://doi.org/ 10.1134/S1063785019030283</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ab initio calculation of field emission from metal surfaces with atomic-scale defects / H. Toijala, K. Eimre, A. Kyritsakis et al. // Phys. Rev. B. 2019. Vol. 100. Iss. 16. Art. ID: 165421. https://doi.org/ 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.165421</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujita S., Shimoyama H. Mechanism of surface-tension reduction by electric-field application: Shape changes in single-crystal field emitters under thermal-field treatment // Phys. Rev. B. 2007. Vol. 75. Iss. 23. Art. ID: 235431. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.235431</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Double-gated, Spindt-type field emitter with improved electron beam extraction / Y. Honda, M. Nanba, K. Miyakawa et al. // IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2016. Vol. 63. No. 5. P. 2182–2189. https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2016.2545710</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagao M., Gotoh Y., Neo Y., Mimura H. Beam profile measurement of volcano-structured double-gate Spindt-type field emitter arrays // J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2016. Vol. 34. Iss. 2. Art. ID: 02G108. https://doi.org/ 10.1116/1.4944453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deka N., Subramanian V. On-chip fully integrated field emission arrays for high-voltage MEMS applications // IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2020. Vol. 67. No. 9. P. 3753–3760. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TED.2020.3006167</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang W.-T., Chuang T.-Y., Su Ch.-W. Metal-based asymmetric field emission diodes operated in the air // Microelectronic Engineering. 2020. Vol. 232. Art. No. 111418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2020.111418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang W.-T., Cheng M.-Ch., Chuang T.-Y., Tsai M.-Y. Field emission air-channel devices as a voltage adder // Nanomaterials. 2020. Vol. 10. Iss. 12. Art. No. 2378. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10122378</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metal–air transistors: Semiconductor-free field-emission air-channel nanoelectronics / S. Nirantar, T. Ahmed, G. Ren et al. // Nano Lett. 2018. Vol. 18. No. 12. P. 7478–7484. https://doi.org/10.1021/ acs.nanolett.8b02849</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Rose L. B., Scherer A., Jones W. M. Suspended nanoscale field emitter devices for high-temperature operation // IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2020. Vol. 67. No. 11. P. 5125–5131. https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2020.3019765</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanoscale vacuum channel transistor with in-plane collection structure / J. Xu, H. Hu, W. Yang et al. // Nanotechnology. 2020. Vol. 31. No. 6. Art. No. 065202. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab51cb</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Optimization of a field emission electron source based on nano-vacuum channel structures / J. Xu, C. Lin, Y. Shi et al. // Micromachines. 2022. Vol. 13. Iss. 8. Art. No. 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13081274</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srisonphan S. Field effect-controlled space-charge limited emission triode with nanogap channels // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2021. Vol. 42. No. 10. P. 1540–1543. https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2021.3103557</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Field emission from carbon nanostructures / F. Giubileo, A. Di Bartolomeo, L. Iemmo et al. // Applied Sciences. 2018. Vol. 8. Iss. 4. Art. No. 526. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8040526</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comparison of field emission performances and durability of three nanocarbon materials / M.-J. Youh, C.-S. Lin, N.-W. Pu et al. // Vacuum. 2020. Vol. 177. Art. ID: 109382. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.vacuum.2020.109382</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Углеродные материалы для автоэмиссионных приборов на их основе / З. Я. Лвин, Е. П. Шешин, Н. Ч. Чжо и др. // Труды МФТИ. 2018. Т. 10. № 2 (38). C. 30–46. EDN: XTWBOH.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестеркин В. И. Эмиссионно-эксплуатационные характеристики различных типов автоэмиссионных катодов // Радиотехника и электроника. 2020. Т. 65. № 1. С. 3–30. https://doi.org/10.31857/ S0033849420010040. – EDN: FFULEM.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The rise of carbon materials for field emission / N. Dwivedi, Ch. Dhand, J. D. Carey et al. // J. Mater. Chem. C. 2021. Vol. 9. Iss. 8. P. 2620–2659. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC05873D</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Елецкий А.В. Холодные полевые эмиттеры на основе углеродных нанотрубок // УФН. 2010. Т. 180. № 9. С. 897–930. EDN: MTVUHF.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films / K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov et al. // Science. 2004. Vol. 306. Iss. 5696. P. 666–669. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егоров Н. В., Шешин Е. П. Современное состояние автоэмиссионной электроники // Поверхность. Рентгеновские, синхротронные и нейтронные исследования. 2017. № 3. С. 5–15. https://doi.org/ 10.7868/S0207352817030088. – EDN: YIVPRJ.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Field electron emission characteristics and physical mechanism of individual single-layer graphene / Z. Xiao, J. She, S. Deng et al. // ACS Nano. 2010. Vol. 4. Iss. 11. P. 6332–6336. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/nn101719r</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shao X., Srinivasan A., Ang W. K., Khursheed A. A high-brightness large-diameter graphene coated point cathode field emission electron source // Nat. Commun. 2018. Vol. 9. Art. No. 1288. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s41467-018-03721-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabrication and characterization of HfC coated Si field emitter arrays / T. Sato, S. Yamamoto, M. Nagao et al. // J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2003. Vol. 21. Iss. 4. P. 1589–1593. https://doi.org/10.1116/ 1.1569933</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enhanced field emission from lanthanum hexaboride coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes: Correlation with physical properties / R. Patra, S. Ghosh, E. Sheremet et al. // Journal of Applied Physics. 2014. Vol. 116. Iss. 16. Art. No. 164309. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4898352</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Electron field emission from chemical vapor deposited diamond films / A. N. Obraztsov, I. Yu. Pavlovsky, A. P. Volkov et al. // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1998. Vol. 145. No. 7. P. 2572–2576. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838682</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Handbook of semiconductor manufacturing technology / eds R. Doering, Y. Nishi. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008. 1722 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsong T. T. Field penetration and band bending near semiconductor surfaces in high electric fields // Surface Science. 1979. Vol. 81. Iss. 1. P. 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(79)90503-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas R. N., Wickstrom R. A., Schroder D. K., Nathanson H. C. Fabrication and some applications of large-area silicon field emission arrays // Solid-State Electronics. 1974. Vol. 17. Iss. 2. P. 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1101(74)90063-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махов В. И., Дюжев Н. А., Пинаев И. В. Влияние диэлектрического покрытия туннельной толщины на эмиссионные характеристики автоэлектронного катода // XIX Всесоюзная конференция по эмиссионной электронике (Ташкент, сент. 1984 г.): секции 3, 4, 5. Ташкент: Фан, 1984. С. 45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дюжев Н. А., Махиборода М. А., Скворцов В. Э. Электронно-лучевой микродисплей высокого разрешения на базе кремниевого автоэмиссионного нанокатода // Rusnanotech’08: Международный форум по нанотехнологиям: сборник тез. докл. науч.-техн. секций (Москва, 03–05 дек. 2008 г.). М.: Российская корпорация нанотехнологий, 2008. Т. 2. 536 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Разработка технологических принципов создания системы микрофокусных рентгеновских трубок на основе кремниевых автоэмиссионных нанокатодов / Н. А. Дюжев, Г. Д. Демин, Н. А. Филиппов и др. // ЖТФ. 2019. Т. 89. № 12. С. 1836–1842. https://doi.org/10.21883/JTF.2019.12.48479.137-19. – EDN: UGTCST.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bohling C., Sigmund W. Self-limitation of native oxides explained // Silicon. 2016. Vol. 8. Iss. 3. P. 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-015-9366-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C.-C., Ou K.-L., Tseng C.-L. Fabrication and characterization of well-aligned and ultra-sharp silicon nanotip array // Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2012. Vol. 7. Iss. 1. Art. No. 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-7-120</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makhov V. I. Ballistic field-emission devices // Proceedings of the 2nd INT Conference on Vacuum Microelectronics, Bath, England. Bristol: Taylor &amp;amp; Francis, 1989. P. 235–238. (IOP Conf. Series; No. 99).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park C.-M., Lim M.-S., Han M.-K. A novel in situ vacuum encapsulated lateral field emitter triode // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 1997. Vol. 18. No. 11. P. 538–540. https://doi.org/10.1109/55.641438</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lateral silicon field-emission devices using electron beam lithography / S. Han, S. Yang, T. Hwang et al. // Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2000. Vol. 39. No. 5R. P. 2556–2559. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.39.2556</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han J.-W., Jae Sub Oh, Meyyappan M. Vacuum nanoelectronics: Back to the future? – Gate insulated nanoscale vacuum channel transistor // Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012. Vol. 100. Iss. 21. Art. No. 213505. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4717751</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han J.-W., Moon D.-I., Meyyappan M. Nanoscale vacuum channel transistor // Nano Lett. 2017. Vol. 17. Iss. 4. P. 2146–2151. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04363</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: A ready-reference book of chemical and physical data, 2016–2017 / eds W. M. Haynes, D. R. Lide, T. J. Bruno. 97th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2016. 2652 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wort C. J. H., Balmer R. S. Diamond as an electronic material // Materials Today. 2008. Vol. 11. Iss. 1-2. P. 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70349-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SiC materials and devices / eds M. Shur, S. L. Rumyantsev, M. E. Levinshtein. New Jersey; London; Singapore: World Scientific, 2006. Vol. 1. 1033 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanoscale vacuum channel transistors fabricated on silicon carbide wafers / J.-W. Han, M.-L. Seol, D.-I. Moon et al. // Nat. Electron. 2019. Vol. 2. Iss. 9. P. 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-019-0289-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondratyev A. M., Rakhel A. D. Melting line of graphite // Phys. Rev. Lett. 2019. Vol. 122. Iss. 17. Art. ID: 175702. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.175702</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Subramanian K., Kang W. P., Davidson J. L. A monolithic nanodiamond lateral field emission vacuum transistor // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2008. Vol. 29. No. 11. P. 1259–1261. https://doi.org/10.1109/ LED.2008.2005516</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A review of recent results on diamond vacuum lateral field emission device operation in radiation environments / K. Subramanian, W. P. Kang, J. L. Davidson et al. // Microelectronic Engineering. 2011. Vol. 88. Iss. 9. P. 2924–2929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2011.03.161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh N., Kang W. P., Davidson J. L. Nanodiamond lateral field emission vacuum logic OR gate // Electronics Letters. 2011. Vol. 47. Iss. 16. P. 926–927. https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2011.1586</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh N., Kang W. P., Davidson J. L. Fabrication and implementation of nanodiamond lateral field emission diode for logic OR function // Diamond and Related Materials. 2012. Vol. 23. P. 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2012.01.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Performance characteristics of nanocrystalline diamond vacuum field emission transistor array / S. H. Hsu, W. P. Kang, J. L. Davidson et al. // Journal of Applied Physics. 2012. Vol. 111. Iss. 11. Art. No. 114502. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4723833</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu S. H., Kang W. P., Raina S., Huang J. H. Nanodiamond vacuum field emission device with gate modulated triode characteristics // Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013. Vol. 102. Iss. 20. Art. No. 203105. https://doi.org/ 10.1063/1.4807128</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanodiamond vacuum field emission microtriode / S.-H. Hsu, W. P. Kang, S. Raina et al. // J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2017. Vol. 35. Iss. 3. Art. No. 032201. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4981018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nabi G. Morphology role in 3D flower like GaN nanostructures as excellent field emitters // Materials Today Communications. 2020. Vol. 25. Art. ID: 101287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101287</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Self-align-gated GaN field emitter arrays sharpened by a digital etching process / P.-C. Shih, G. Rughoobur, K. Cheng et al. // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2021. Vol. 42. No. 3. P. 422–425. https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2021.3052715</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han J.-W., Jae Sub Oh, Meyyappan M. Cofabrication of vacuum field emission transistor (VFET) and MOSFET // IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology. 2014. Vol. 13. No. 3. P. 464–468. https://doi.org/10.1109/ TNANO.2014.2310774</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Itoh J., Hirano T., Kanemaru S. Ultrastable emission from a metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor‐structured Si emitter tip // Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996. Vol. 69. Iss. 11. P. 1577–1578. https://doi.org/ 10.1063/1.117035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang W., She J., Deng S., Xu N. Field emission from a MOSFET-controlled ZnO-nanowire cold cathode // IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 2012. Vol. 59. No. 12. P. 3641–3646. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TED.2012.2220548</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gated Si-tip with on-tip integrated gate-all-around field effect transistor for actively controlled field electron emission / M. Zeng, Yi. Huang, Yu. Huang et al. // IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2022. Vol. 43. No. 3. P. 466–469. https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2022.3148397</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Татаренко Н. И., Кравченко В. Ф. Автоэмиссионные наноструктуры и приборы на их основе. М.: Физматлит, 2006. 192 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дюжев Н. А., Махиборода М. А., Федирко В. Л. Исследование различных режимов автоэлектронной эмиссии кремниевого кантилевера // Вакуумная наука и техника: материалы XIV науч.-техн. конф. (Сочи, 08–15 окт. 2007 г.). Сочи: МИЭМ, 2007. С. 248–251.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patent 3500102 US. Thin electron tube with electron emitters at intersections of crossed conductors / M. E. Crost, K. Shoulders, M. H. Zinn; filed: 15.05.1967; publ.: 10.03.1970.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer R. Microtips fluorescent display // Tech. Digest of Japan Display’86. 1986. P. 513–515.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Busta H. H. Field emission flat panel displays // Vacuum Microelectronics / ed. W. Zhu. Chichester: Wiley, 2001. P. 289–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471224332.ch7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terranova M. L., Orlanducci S., Rossi M., Tamburri E. Nanodiamonds for field emission: State of the art // Nanoscale. 2015. Vol. 7. Iss. 12. P. 5094–5114. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR07171A</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basu A., Swanwick M. E., Fomani A. A., Velásquez-García L. F. A portable X-ray source with a nanostructured Pt-coated silicon field emission cathode for absorption imaging of low-Z materials // J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2015. Vol. 48. No. 22. Art. No. 225501. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/22/225501</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MEMS ion source for ion mobility spectrometry / T. Grzebyk, P. Szyszka, M. Krysztof et al. // J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2019. Vol. 37. Iss. 2. Art. ID: 022201. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5068750</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prototype of cathodoluminescent lamp for general lighting using carbon fiber field emission cathode / E. P. Sheshin, A. Yu. Kolodyazhnyj, N. N. Chadaev et al. // J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2019. Vol. 37. Iss. 3. Art. ID: 031213. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5070108</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A cylindrical triode ultrahigh vacuum ionization gauge with a carbon nanotube cathode / J. Zhang, J. Wei, D. Li et al. // Nanomaterials. 2021. Vol. 11. Iss. 7. Art. No. 1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11071636</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Position and attitude tolerances of carbon nanotube field emission cathode as a neutralizer in an ion engine system / J. Kinoshita, R. Ikeda, M. Adachi et al. // Trans. Japan Soc. Aero. Space Sci. 2021. Vol. 64. No. 5. P. 288–291. https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.64.288</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Far UVC light for E. coli disinfection generated by carbon nanotube cold cathode and sapphire anode / S. T. Yoo, J. Y. Lee, A. Rodiansyah et al. // Current Applied Physics. 2021. Vol. 28. P. 93–97. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cap.2021.05.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nanoscale vacuum channel Hall sensors / L. Fan, J. Bi, B. Zhao et al. // IEEE Sensors Journal. 2022. Vol. 22. No. 4. P. 23806–23811. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3218466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harafuji K., Tsuchiya T., Kawamura K. Molecular dynamics simulation for evaluating melting point of wurtzite-type GaN crystal // Journal of Applied Physics. 2004. Vol. 96. Iss. 5. P. 2501–2512. https://doi.org/ 10.1063/1.1772878</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сечи Ф., Буджатти М. Мощные твердотельные СВЧ-усилители / пер. с англ. В. О. Султанова. М.: Техносфера, 2016. 412 с.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list>    
  </back>
</article>
